![]() The performance of PJT exercises stimulates high rates of force development, muscle strength and power (Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2020c), and force absorption muscle capacities (i.e., eccentric force) through tissue-related adaptations, such as muscle hypertrophy (Grgic et al., 2021) and neural adaptations such as improved motor unit recruitment and/or firing strategies (Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2021b). ![]() PJT may also improve physical fitness in various sports such as soccer, volleyball, and basketball (Ahmadi et al., 2021 Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2020a Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2020b), including healthy college-aged participants (Torres-Banduc et al., 2020). In this regard, plyometric jump training (PJT) is a high-intensity short-duration training method that has the potential to improve muscular strength (Markovic and Mikulic, 2010). In addition, combining training of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength (i.e., concurrent training) within a training cycle may increase athletic performance compared to single-mode training (Gäbler et al., 2018). The beneficial effects of endurance running may be attributed to its positive effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (Delgado-Floody et al., 2019). Endurance running exercise has positive effects on various indices of physical fitness, such as body composition (e.g., body mass management) (Idrizovic et al., 2021 Swift et al., 2014), cardiorespiratory fitness (Willoughby et al., 2016), and muscular endurance (Menz et al., 2019) as well as mental well-being (e.g., improved mood state) (Oswald et al., 2020 Thompson Coon et al., 2011), and exercise adherence (Oswald et al., 2020). Physical fitness is an important marker of health and is related for instance to psychological well-being (Rodriguez-Ayllon et al., 2018), and cardiovascular as well as metabolic health-related parameters (Zaqout et al., 2016). Coaches may use both concurrent exercise regimes based on preferences and logistical constrains (e.g., weather access to treadmill equipment). In conclusion, sand-based PJT combined with either OT or TT similarly improved most measures of physical fitness, with greater SLJ improvement after TT. Compared to OT, TT showed larger improvements for SLJ ( p = 0.018). TT showed larger improvements in SLJ ( p = 0.036), cardiorespiratory fitness ( p < 0.001), and RHR ( p < 0.001) compared with CG. Compared to CG, OT showed larger SLJ (p = 0.001), cardiorespiratory fitness ( p = 0.004), FVC ( p = 0.008), and RHR ( p < 0.001) improvements. Significant group-by-time interactions were found for all dependent variables ( p < 0.001 – 0.002, ɳ p 2 = 0.16 – 0.78). In case of significant group-by-time interactions, Bonferroni adjusted paired (within-group) and independent (between-group comparisons at post) t-tests were used for post-hoc analyses. A three (groups: OT, TT, CG) by two (time: pre, post) ANOVA for repeated measures was used to analyze the exercise-specific effects. Individuals were assessed for their 50-m linear sprint time, standing long jump (SLJ) distance, cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., Cooper test), forced vital capacity (FVC), calf girth, and resting heart rate (RHR). Participants in CG followed their regular physical activity as OT and TT but did not receive any specific intervention. ![]() A control group was additionally included in this study (CG, n = 25). ![]() The endurance running intervention comprised a mixed training method, i.e., long slow distance, tempo, and interval running drills. Male participants (age, 20.1 ± 1.7 years) were randomly assigned to a sand-based PJT combined with endurance running on outdoor surface (OT, n = 25) or treadmill surface (TT, n = 25). This study aimed at examining the effects of nine weeks of sand-based plyometric-jump training (PJT) combined with endurance running on either outdoor or treadmill surface on measures of physical fitness. ![]()
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